Public relations as a scientific subject: the impact of neuroscience
Abstract
The efforts to endow public relations with a scientific character have generated the widespread opinion that they constitute a social science. But the lack of a theoretical production adjusted to the scientific method, together with the marked interdisciplinary nature of its corpus, prevent us from considering it as a science in its own right. It is true that neuroscientific research has opened the door to the use of empirical data to study brain processes in senders and receivers, during the practice of public relations actions. However, these techniques still require contrasting with classical methods in communication, subject to contextual interpretation.Keywords
Corporate communication, epistemology of communication, psychobiology, neuropsychologyReferences
ARCEO, A. (2004). Ubicación científica y metodológica de las relaciones públicas. En J. L. Arceo (Coord.), Las relaciones públicas en España (pp. 57-78). Madrid, España: McGraw-Hill.
—, (2012). Los portavoces en el concepto vanguardista de relaciones públicas. En A. Arceo (Coord.), El portavoz en la comunicación de las organizaciones: fundamentos teórico-prácticos (pp. 27-45). Alicante, España: Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante.
BAPTISTA, M. V., LEÓN, M. F. y MORA, C. (2010). Neuromárketing: conocer al cliente por sus percepciones. Tec Empresarial, 4, 3, 9-19. http://revistas.tec.ac.cr/index.php/tec_empresarial/article/view/637/562
BARASCH, A. y BERGER, J. (2014, junio). Broadcasting and narrowcasting: how audience size affect what people share. Journal of Marketing Research, 51, 3, 286-299. http://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.13.0238
BERGER, P. L. y LUCKMANN, T. (1972). The social construction of reality: a treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Middlesex, Reino Unido: Penguin Books.
BERNAYS, E. L. y CUTLER, H. W. (1955). The engineering of consent. Norman, EE.UU.: University of Oklahoma Press.
BUTLER, M. JR. (2017, mayo). Organizational cognitive neuroscience - potential (non-) implications for practice. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38, 4, 564-575. http://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2015-0163
CASCIO, C. N., O’DONNELL, M. B., BAYER, J., TINNEY JR., F. J. y FALK. E. B. (2015, agosto). Neural correlates of susceptibility to group opinions in online word-of-mouth recommendations. Journal of Marketing Research, 52, 4, 559-575. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.13.0611
DHANESH, G. S. (2017, diciembre). Putting engagement in its PRoper place: state of the field, definition and model of engagement in public relations. Public Relations Review, 43, 2017, 925-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.04.001
FALK, E. B., BERKMAN, E. T. y LIEBERMAN, M. T. (2012, mayo). From neural responses to population behavior: neural focus group predicts population-level media effects. Psychological Science, 23, 5, 439-445. http://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611434964
FALK, E. B., CASCIO, C. N. y CORONEL, J. C. (2015, enero-junio). Neural prediction of communication-relevant outcomes. Communication Methods and Measures, 9, 1-2, 30-54. http://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2014.999750
FELLOWS, L. K. y FARAH, M. J. (2007, noviembre). The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in decision making: judgement under uncertainty or judgement per se? Cerebral Cortex, 17, 11, 2669-2674. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl176
GIMÉNEZ, J. M. y SÁNCHEZ-MIGALLÓN, S. (2010). De la neurociencia a la neuroética: narrativa científica y reflexión filosófica. Barañáin, España: Ediciones Universidad de Navarra (EUNSA).
GRUNIG, J. E., HUNT, T. y TODD, H. (1984). Managing public relations. Nueva York, EE.UU.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
HIGGINS, E. T. (1999). “Saying is believing” effects: when sharing reality about something biases knowledge and evaluations. En L. L. Thompson, J. M. Levine y D. M. Messick (Eds.), Sharing cognition in organizations: the management of knowledge (pp. 33-48). Mahwah, EE.UU.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
INGRAM, J. C. L. (2007). Neurolinguistics: an introduction to spoken language processing and its disorders. Nueva York, EE.UU.: Cambridge University Press.
KANG, M. y EUN PARK, Y. (2017, 30 de junio). Exploring trust and distrust as conceptually and empirically distinct constructs: association with symmetrical communication and public engagement accross four pairings of trust and distrust. Journal of Public Relations Research, 29, 2-3, 114-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2017.1337579
KANG, M. y SUNG, M. (2017, marzo). How symmetrical employee communication leads to employee engagement and positive employee communication behaviors. Journal of Communication Management, 21, 1, 82-102. http://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-04-2016-0026
LEDINGHAM, J.A. y BRUNING, S. D. (1998, primavera). Relationship management and public relations: dimensions of an organization-public relationship. Public Relations Review, 24, 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(98)80020-9
PALLARES, E. (1964). Diccionario de filosofía. México, D.F.: Porrúa.
PARÉS I MAICAS, M. (2006). Las relaciones públicas, una ciencia social. Anàlisi: Cuaderns de Comunicació i Cultura, 34, 23-48. http://www.raco.cat/index.php/analisi/article/viewFile/55442/64574
PIECZKA, M. (2011, junio). Public relations as dialogic expertise? Journal of Communication Management,15, 2, 108-124. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632541111126346
SAAVEDRA, J. S., DÍAZ, W. J., ZÚÑIGA, L. F., NAVIA, C. A. y ZAMORA, T. O. (2015, 1 de mayo). Correlación funcional del sistema límbico con la emoción, el aprendizaje y la memoria. Morfolia, 7, 2, 29-44. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/morfolia/article/view/52874/52541
SCHURZ, M., RADUA, J., AICHHORN, M., RICHLAN. F. y PERNER, J. (2014, mayo). Fractionating theory of mind: a meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 42, 9-34. http://doi.org/ 1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.009
SHERRY, J. L. (2015, enero-junio). Neuroscience and communication. Communication Methods and Measures, 9, 1-2, 117-122. http://doi.org/ 10.1080/19312458.2014.999756
THACKERAY, R., NEIGER, B., HANSON, C. y MCKENZIE, J. (2008). Enhancing promotional strategies within social marketing programs: Use of Web 2.0 social media. Health Promotion Practice, 9, 4, 338–343. http://doi.org/10.1177/1524839908325335
VEZICH, I. S., KATZMAN, P. L., AMES, D. L., FALK, E. B. y LIEBERMAN, M. D. (2017, 1 de febrero). Modulating the neural bases of persuasión: why/how, gain/loss, and users/non-users. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12, 2, 283-297. http://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw113
WEBER, R., HUSKEY, R., MANGUS, J. M., WESTCOTT-BAKER, A. y TURNER, B. O. (2015). Neural predictors of message effectiveness during counterarguing in antidrug campaigns. Communication Monographs, 82, 1, 4-30. http://doi.org/ 10.1080/03637751.2014.971414
WILCOX. D. L. y CAMERON, G. T. (2012). Public relations: strategies and tactics (décima edición). Boston, EE.UU.: Allyn & Bacon.
WILSON, E. J. y SHERRELL, D. L. (1993, 1 de marzo). Source effects in communication and persusasion research: a meta-analysis of effect size. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 21, 2, 101-112. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02894421
YANG, T-M. y MAXWELL, T. A. (2011, abril). Information-sharing in public organizations: a literature review of interpersonal, intra-organizational and inter-organizational success factors. Government Information Quarterly, 28, 2, 164-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2010.06.008